The Romans began ruling over Palestine in 63 BCE when Pompey besieged Jerusalem and annexed it. Rome ruled the Holy City with client kings. Herod the Great was one of these rulers. He had to walk a very fine line between pleasing the Romans in Rome and not upsetting the Jews in Jerusalem. He is most famous for his massive building projects. He undertook many construction projects in an attempt to create a legacy and be remembered by history, which sort of worked because he is remembered, mostly by historians, for both these structures as well as being paranoid and impulsive. The Western Wall on the temple mount that stands today is part of the wall that Herod had built.
For the most part Herod the Great was an effective ruler, but the Jewish population hated him. They saw him as only half Jewish and a traitor that sided with Rome in an attempt to hold onto power.
The time of Jesus is parallel to that of Herod, there is absolutely no archeological evidence that Jesus existed. People claimed to have found his boat on Galilee, but that is all that it is, just a claim. Most likely it is just another boat that was used during that time period. The closest evidence uncovered so far is proof that the Romans did crucify people in Jerusalem during that time.
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